Dryness in Sjögren’s syndrome is a characteristic manifestation of a pathology in which the organism fails to recognize its own glandular tissues. In an optimal state of health, exocrine glands produce constant fluids to maintain the hydration of mucous membranes and the skin. However, this biological balance is broken when the immune system mistakenly identifies these glands as foreign agents. This pathology is classified as a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the lacrimal and salivary glands. Therefore, the body experiences a decrease in the production of tears and saliva, which compromises the natural protection of the eyes and mouth. Consequently, the physical result is a persistent dryness that alters the quality of life of affected individuals, who are mostly women.
Moreover, dry eye syndrome is one of the most annoying and visible consequences of this immune disorder. It is important to highlight that the lack of tear lubrication causes constant irritation and the sensation of having a foreign body, such as sand, in the eyes. Nevertheless, the dryness is not limited to internal mucous membranes, as it also manifests externally on the dermis. As a result, the face may present a withered or flaky appearance due to the lack of deep hydration and natural oils. The immune system attacks parts of its own body by mistake, generating chronic inflammation in the secretion ducts.
For this reason, this ocular and facial dryness disorder can lead to more serious complications, such as corneal ulcers or frequent oral infections. In view of this, clinical diagnosis relies on specific tests that measure the volume of tear production and the quality of saliva. Due to this condition, the patient may have difficulty swallowing dry foods or speaking for long periods without hydrating. On the other hand, current medical management includes the use of artificial tears, secretion stimulants, and immunomodulatory drugs. Accordingly, tear production must be artificially replaced to avoid permanent damage to the surface of the eye.
Finally, the comprehensive management of dryness in Sjögren’s syndrome seeks to mitigate symptoms and prevent long-term organic damage. Although it is a chronic condition, a rigorous care routine allows for maintaining the integrity of the affected tissues. In summary, understanding how the immune system attacks the glands is vital for applying treatments that reduce inflammation. Ultimately, the main goal is to restore the necessary moisture so that the face and eyes regain their healthy and functional appearance. Lastly, follow-up by rheumatologists and ophthalmologists ensures proper control of the systemic manifestations of the disease.