Disorders

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  Demyelinating disease

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  The demyelinating disease has an altered function in nervous system
  transmission. Moreover, under normal conditions, myelin acts as an
  insulator. Additionally, it allows rapid conduction of nerve impulses.
  Furthermore, it ensures efficient neuronal communication.

  

  

  

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  Dopamine and substantia nigra

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  The dopamine and the substantia nigra have an essential function
  in the nervous system. Moreover, dopamine regulates voluntary
  movements. Additionally, it plays a role in mood and motivation.

  

  

  

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  Dopamine in Parkinson’s disease

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  Dopamine is a neurotransmitter and plays a crucial role in the
  regulation of movement and mood. This deficiency of dopamine
  leads to motor and non-motor symptoms, such as problems with
  balance and cognitive alterations.

  

  

  

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  Dopaminergic synapse

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  The dopaminergic synapse has an essential function in neuronal
  transmission. Moreover, dopamine acts as a key neurotransmitter.
  Additionally, it facilitates communication between neurons.

  

  

  

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  Drainage blockage in glaucoma

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  Drainage blockage in glaucoma shows how obstruction of the
  aqueous humor flow increases intraocular pressure. This fluid
  drains through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm’s canal,
  but when drainage is blocked, eye pressure rises progressively
  damaging the optic nerve.

  

  

  

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  Dry Macular Degeneration

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  Dry Macular Degeneration (AMD), dry form, illustrates how, in
  this disease, the macula—the central part of the retina—gradually
  deteriorates. As the macula loses cells, an accumulation of cellular
  debris known as drusen forms.

  

  

  

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  Esotropia strabismus

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  Esotropic strabismus is a form of strabismus where one eye 
  deviates inward compared to the other. This condition can result
  in double vision and visual coordination problems.

  

  

  

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  Exotropia strabismus

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  The eye in strabismus hypertropia is a type of strabismus in which
  one eye is deflected upwards compared to the other. This can cause
  double vision and visual coordination problems.

  

  

  

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  Female figure with scoliosis

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  The female figure with scoliosis has an altered function in
  body alignment. Moreover, under normal conditions, the spine
  maintains balanced physiological curves. Additionally, it provides
  postural stability.

  

  

  

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  Friedreich’s ataxia

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  Friedreich’s ataxia has an altered function in motor coordination.
  Moreover, under normal conditions, the spinal cord transmits
  signals efficiently. Additionally, it allows coordination between the
  brain and muscles.

  

  

  

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  Glaucoma and intraocular pressure

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  Glaucoma and high eye pressure are conditions in which increased
  pressure inside the eye damages the optic nerve, gradually affecting
  vision. This happens when the aqueous humor does not drain properly
  through the Schlemm’s canal, causing a buildup of fluid.

  

  

  

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  Hand tremor in Parkinson’s disease

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  Hand tremor in Parkinson’s fulfills a general function altered in the
  motor control. In addition, under normal conditions the dopamine
  regulates voluntary movements. It also allows a smooth and
  coordinated execution.