Anemia and skin color: a condition where the lack of hemoglobin
reduces oxygen transport, causing pale or yellowish skin instead of
a healthy pink tone. It is a key sign of iron deficiency and requires
nutritional treatment
Autoimmune hepatitis and cirrhosis describe how an immune
system attack inflames the liver until it causes irreversible scarring.
Immunosuppressive treatment is vital to stop progression toward
liver failure and cirrhosis.
Autoimmune pernicious anemia: a disorder where the immune
system attacks stomach cells, preventing vitamin B12 absorption.
This causes ineffective red blood cells, fatigue, and neurological damage.
It requires lifelong B12 injection.
Autoimmune pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid between
the pleural layers caused by diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid
arthritis. This condition generates inflammation, chest pain, and
shortness of breath, requiring thoracentesis for analysis and accurate
diagnosis.
Autoimmune pleurisy is the inflammation of the pleural membrane
caused by diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. It causes
sharp chest pain when breathing and moving, altering the normal
lubrication between the lungs and the chest cavity.
Autoimmune pulmonary pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura
caused by the immune system’s attacks, frequently associated
with lupus. It causes sharp pain when breathing, a dry cough, and
can lead to pleural effusion that hinders oxygenation.
Autoimmune type 1 diabetes: a disease where the pancreas does
not produce insulin due to an immune system attack. The lack of this
hormone prevents glucose from entering the cells, raising blood sugar.
It requires treatment with diet, exercise, and permanent medication.
Autoimmune type 1 diabetes: a disorder where the immune system
destroys pancreatic cells. This prevents insulin production, affecting
glucose flow in the artery. Treatment requires diet, exercise, and medical
control to regulate sugar in the bloodstream permanently.
B12 in pernicious anemia: a disorder caused by the lack of vitamin
B12 absorption in the stomach affects red blood cell formation. It
triggers fatigue and neurological damage, requiring B12 injections to
correct the deficiency and restore the nervous system and blood
function permanently.
The bladder stores urine and connects to the urethra
in the pelvis. The prostate surrounds the urethra below
the bladder and produces prostatic fluid, influencing
urination and male reproductive function.
The bladder wall consists of mucosa, submucosa,
detrusor muscle, and serosa. These layers allow
expansion, storage, and contraction of the bladder
during urination.
Cancerous prostate is a common malignant tumor in older men
caused by uncontrolled prostate cell growth. Moreover, it may cause
urinary symptoms and spread to other organs. Diagnosis includes PSA
testing and biopsy, while treatment depends on stage and progression.